The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay -- F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby is a novel that delineates the general public in the 1920's and the related convictions, qualities and dreams of the American populace around then. These convictions, qualities and dreams can be summarized be what is named the American Dream, a fantasy of cash, riches, flourishing and the bliss that apparently accompanied the blasting economy and easy money scams that framed the fundamental black market of American privileged society. This black market invaded the more elite classes and made such an ethical rot inside general society that made ready for the destroying of dreams and running of expectations as they were set certainly in the opportunity for circumstances that could be seized by the whole gang. Scott Fitzgerald delineates the American Dream and the foul residue or the lack of regard of a general public that coasts in the wake of this fantasy. By taking a gander at each character and their circumstance and desire it very well may be seen that the American Dream was not constrained to one social class or sort of individual, that it was across the nation and was found inside everybody. From the situation as storyteller the peruser approaches the contemplations and sentiments of Nick Carraway more than some other characters, however this equivalent position likewise diminishes the viability of the peruser as an appointed authority of character since he is introduced in a one-sided path contrasted with others. All things considered, it tends to be seen that Nick experiences incredibly his encounters in New York. His respect for human tolerability is destroyed and he leaves with his expectations ran and a disturb at how the realism that spins out of control all through his social class is fit for demolishing lives and dreams. Scratch, likewise with all characters is an adherent to the American Dream in light of the fact that even he moves East to work in the bond bu... ...hen she discusses thoughtless individuals, saying she despises indiscreet individuals when she concedes that she is one.) that add to the general moral rot inside the American nobility. Fitzgerald shows that in the social classes that were spoken to in The Great Gatsby there is a running subject of how the American dream influences the entirety of the characters, they each have their own yearnings for their own life yet as a rule they spin around cash and the impacts that riches has on their style of life. Due to the deplorable occasions inside The Great Gatsby and the way that the characters who are as yet alive toward the finish of the novel, bar Nick, are not definitely adjusted by their experience loan to the view that the 1920's and 1930's or the Jazz Age held a general public of individuals who were controlled by realism and unimportant and depthless convictions and qualities. - Cam

Training Cycle Roles and Responsibilities Free Essays

Depict what your jobs and duties are at each phase of the preparation cycle and clarify what your limits are as an instructor The preparation cycle comprises of four phases 1. Preparing need 2. Configuration/Planning 3. We will compose a custom paper test on Preparing Cycle Roles and Responsibilities or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Conveyance/Implementation 4. Assessment Training need This is the underlying phase of the preparation procedure. As a coach/educator I would require to recognize the necessities of the understudy/class. This is guarantee that the bearing of guidance is explicit to their prerequisites. What is their job. What are they expected to do with the new information. Is it being given at the right an ideal opportunity for their formative needs. I would to do this by setting up introductory evaluation. Consummation of pre course poll. Enrolment/data sheet. In my job of Motorcycle teacher this would have occurred in a pre course appraisal ride during which an up close and personal assessment of their riding history would have occurred. The entirety of this would distinguish to me their current information and future learning necessities and empower me to structure the preparation accurately. I would be confined here by the need to guarantee there is sufficient assets to give the preparation distinguished and that it meets the limitation of costings. Configuration/Planning This part must be efficient and reliable. This can be accomplished by having set points and destinations. Choose what realizing technique is most appropriate to the understudy/class. Utilization of visual guides (flip graphs, power point), conversations or association by cooperation (kinaesthetic). I would guarantee that the substance takes the understudy through from easy to complex learning. Work in evaluations. This will permit me to check and screen progress of conveyance yet in addition permit a check of information. Therefore an exercise plan would be defined. I would think about the ramifications of expenses, money related as well as time also. Does the structure/plan fit inside the time limitations to permit the topic to be conveyed successfully. Conveyance/Implementation Establish toward the beginning my believability to pick up trust and certainty from the understudy/class. Guarantee that I am completely arranged and have right assets. Consider the understudy/class with the goal that the pitch of the conveyance can be checked. This can be influenced by class size, area and condition in which it is given. I would likewise need to consider government assistance issues. I would guarantee that the understudy/class don't hesitate to take part in the exercise and contribute their thoughts. I would not squeeze them to offer responses/contemplations. Ensure that if the delay and jump strategy is utilized it is finished with the right planning to support reaction and not close the understudy down. Think about social contrasts. For example some social manners would block male to female methodology, picking up eye to eye connection albeit great to set up affinity to some may appear to be a test or danger to other people. Assessment Evaluation would permit me to recognize that the exercise has been scholarly. Have the points and targets been met. Can or is the understudy/class ready to transpose this new information into their working environment or job. I would assess this by utilization of tests, tests, information checks and input. This would feature any further preparing need which thus would be taken care of go into the preparation cycle. This guides me and furthermore the individuals who have started the preparation to set up, has it met the preparation points/goals (preparing needs). Can the structure/conveyance be improved. Is it savvy. Was it powerful. Determination As an educator my job is permit and support understudy discourse. Ensure that points and goals are addressed and are explicit to their necessities. Guarantee that that there is a methods for surveying the understudy information. All understudies to have equivalent and suitable focal points to learn, in a protected situation. I am liable for the advancement of the understudy in their learning cycle. This is finished by ceaseless appraisal or reassessment of both the understudy and the substance/technique for learning. Empowering the expanding of understudy information. I will undoubtedly guarantee that the equalization of instructor/understudy relationship is kept up. I should likewise guarantee that my sentiment doesn't force. This permits the understudy to include characterized heading inside the learning impact with the goal that lines of request and regard are not obscured. Ref Points Practical Teaching a manual for PTLLS CTLLS †Linda Wilson. Course Workbook. Web. The most effective method to refer to Training Cycle Roles and Responsibilities, Papers

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A worldwide temperature alteration - Research Paper Example This marvel can be seen as an expansion in the normal temperature on earth’s surface, which is brought about by the outflow of different gases, for example, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and so forth due the consuming of petroleum derivatives. In the advanced world, innovative improvements have added pace and assorted variety to the procedure of industrialization, which causes the arrival of poisonous gases into the climate. The unfavorable impacts of innovation can be found in urbanization likewise, which involves deforestation and the resulting negative effect on the earth. In addition, the expanding number of vehicles additionally adds to disturb the issue as it brings about gigantic emanation of carbon dioxide into the climate. Proof proposes that â€Å"about three-fourths of the carbon dioxide added to the air originates from consuming petroleum derivatives, for example, oil and coal,† which are fundamentally utilized in businesses and transportation (Kowa lski 2004 pg 12). Likewise, deforestation, which happens for the most part because of urbanization, additionally causes voluminous arrival of carbon dioxide into the environment. Along these lines, it becomes clear that human activities, as it were, add to significant changes in the atmosphere of earth. An unnatural weather change, in straightforward terms, can be characterized as the â€Å"continuing increment in Earth’s generally temperature† (Farrar 2008 pg 7). ... This remaining parts a significant worry in the advanced world as it has broad negative repercussions on nature, which, thusly, will unfavorably influence the life on earth. Along these lines, this exploration for the most part centers around three research inquiries as under: - I) What causes the event of the condition known as Global Warming? ii) What are the impacts of Global Warming? iii) What can the people never really resolve the issue? The specialist has endeavored to address these inquiries through the accompanying writing audit, which thinks about the accessible proof in distributed books, web articles and so forth. Survey of Literature (Definition of the Problem): Global Warming, as expressed prior, is an expansion in the surface temperature of the earth. Research contemplates demonstrate that on a normal, the surface temperature of planet earth has expanded by almost â€Å"1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.76 degrees C) over the most recent 150 years (Farrar 2008 pg 7). Nonethel ess, a similar report likewise guarantees that a few spots have enrolled the ascent in temperature as high as 5 degrees Fahrenheit or 2.8 degrees C. While practically 99% of earth’s climate includes nitrogen and oxygen, ozone harming substances, for example, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone comprise the remaining 1%. The issue emerges from the way that these ozone depleting substances hold the warmth in the climate, which is basic for people and other living creatures on earth to remain warm and to escape from freezing cold. Be that as it may, when petroleum products, for example, oil and coal are singed, enormous volumes of gases get discharged into earth’s environment. The nearness of such discharges will mean expanded limit of air to store heat, which will improve the warmth in the air.

Effective Cooperative Learning Strategies

Successful Cooperative Learning Strategies Agreeable learning is a successful path for understudies to learn and process data rapidly with the assistance of others. The objective of utilizing this methodology is for understudies to cooperate to accomplish a shared objective. It is fundamental that every understudy comprehends their agreeable learning bunch job. Here we will investigate a couple of explicit jobs, anticipated conduct inside that job, just as how to the screen gatherings. Relegate Individual Roles to Help Students Stay on Task Relegate every understudy a particular job inside their gathering, this will enable every understudy to remain focused and help the general gathering work all the more durably. Here are a couple proposed jobs: Drill sergeant/Team LeaderThis job involves the understudy to ensure his/her gathering remains focused. Test explanations: Have we perused the passage on George Washington yet? We have to proceed onward, we just have ten minutes left.CheckerThe checkers job is to ensure that everybody concurs with an answer. A Sample explanation might be, Does everybody concur with Jens answer on the year Washington was born?RecorderThe job of the recorder is to record everybody in the gatherings reactions once they have all consented to them.EditorThe editorial manager is liable for amending the entirety of the syntactic mistakes and to check for neatness.GatekeeperThe job of this individual can be depicted as the peacemaker. He/she should ensure that everybody is taking an interest and getting along. Test articulation: Lets here from Brady now.PraiserThis job involves an understudy to urge different understudies to share their thoughts and to buckle down. An example proclamation might be, Great tho ught Reesa, however lets continue attempting, we can do this. Obligations and Expected Behaviors in Groups A fundamental component of helpful learning is for understudies to utilize their relational abilities in a gathering setting. With the goal for understudies to achieve their assignment, every individual must discuss and work by and large (use theâ talking chips methodology to control noise). Here are a couple of the normal practices and obligations every understudy is answerable for: Anticipated practices inside the gathering: Everybody must add to the taskEveryone must tune in to others inside the groupEveryone must urge bunch individuals to participatePraise great ideasAsk for help when neededCheck for understandingStay on task Obligations regarding every person: To tryTo askTo helpTo be politeTo praiseTo listenTo be available 4 Things to Do When Monitoring Groups So as to guarantee that gatherings are working viably and together to finish the errand, the educators job is to watch and screen each gathering. Here are four explicit things that you can do while flowing around the homeroom. Give Feedback: If the gathering is uncertain on a particular errand and necessities help, give your quick input and models that will help fortify their learning.Encourage and Praise: When circling the room, set aside the effort to support and commendation bunches for their gathering skills.Reteach Skills: If you notice that any gathering doesn't comprehend a specific idea, utilize this as a chance to reteach that skill.Learn About the Students: Use this opportunity to find out about your understudies. You may locate that one job works for one understudy and not another. Record this data for future gathering work.

Diversity, Learning and Progress

Assorted variety, Learning and Progress Assorted variety, Learning and Progress Presentation: Diversity is tied in with recognizing the dissimilarities in the attributes of individuð °ls that structure their personalities and the encounters they have in the public arena. Assorted variety is the level of essential human contrasts among Ð ° given populace. The advanced learning condition faces many learning issues. Todays study halls don't comprise of homogeneous (uniform) understudy groupings, rather they are made out of heterogeneous (unique) understudy groupings. As our study halls take on Ð ° new look, our educators ways to deal with showing must change to oblige understudy assorted variety. Ð lthough the schools can't control numerous components that can impact Ð ° understudies scholastic achievement they can improve the manners by which they recently served them. This paper talks about assorted variety, learning and progress in Ð ° succinct and far reaching way. Decent variety Overseeing decent variety is reð °lly about overseeing contrasts, and Ð ° basic preparing program can't achieve it. It is Ð ° culture change; Ð ° culture change started by edified directors who can see the vitality and excitement that come about because of catching the best of numerous individuals and thoughts. It isn't sufficient that organizations express their anxiety; they should take actið ¾n to show that assorted variety is vð °lued (Kram, 1996, pp. 90-98). Assorted variety, incorporate various points of view, approaches and sensitivities of culture, sex, religion, ethnic and natið ¾nð °l inception, perspectives, financial and personð °l contrasts, sexuð °l orientatið ¾n, physicð °l and mentð °l capacities, culturð °l power bunches versus larger part culturð °l gatherings, gainful capacities, power, information, status and types of socið °l and culturð °l reproductið ¾n. In this way, decent variety the executives implies the creatið ¾n of internð °l and externð °l condition inside which these alternate points of view, approaches and sensitivities are consolidated and created so as to oversee assorted variety in such Ð ° way that the full potentið °l (profitability and personð °l aspiratið ¾ns) of individuð °ls and institutið ¾ns might be reð °lised optimð °lly. (Kram, 1996, pp. 90-98). Assorted variety action is Ð ° vð °luable asset in the educatið ¾nð °l condition and numerous organizations are seeing the need to execute these projects. Decent variety is normð °lly seen as Ð ° race or sexual orientation issue yet assorted variety covers a broad scope of different personð °l contrasts. Assorted variety preparing through movement has become Ð ° need in organizations in view of people groups contrasts in the educatið ¾nð °l field. Since establishments are so various, Diversity movement projects will help teach, sharpen and get ready understudies to get Ð °long in the educatið ¾nð °l condition. Issues in learning In socið °l learning hypothesis, advancement and learning are, as it were, indivisible procedures; and they comprise each other in a comprehension of learning as participatið ¾n in socið °l forms. The overð °ll administering questið ¾n for this survey is: How does socið °l learning hypothesis add to a comprehension of organizatið ¾nð °l realizing, which varies from Ð ° purpose of flight in individuð °l learning hypothesis? A large portion of the writing on organizatið ¾nð °l learning and its partner, the Learning Organizatið ¾n, leaves from individuð °l learning hypothesis; and socið °l learning hypothesis in organizatið ¾nð °l learning writing has become out of Ð ° analysis of simply that takeoff. The analysis is expounded later, be that as it may, to put it plainly, it is that individuð °l learning hypothesis centers around learning as internal mentð °l forms identified with the acquisitið ¾n and preparing of informatið ¾n and information. It prompts mind being the locus of learning, and as Ð ° outcome, Ð ° separatið ¾n of the individuð °l student and the unique circumstance, for this situation, the organizatið ¾n, for learning (Cazden, 1988, pp. 20-2 6). Inclusñâ€"ve teð °ching shows that educating in strategies that don't forget about understudies, accidentð °lly or intentið ¾nð °lly, from opportunities to learn. Inclusñâ€"ve educators reflect on how they instruct, just as what they tð µach, so as to utilize the wide scope of encounters and learning styles theñâ€"r understudies bring to the study hall (Cazden, 1988, pp. 20-26). Communñâ€"cating clear expectatið ¾ns, utilizing comprehensive language, and articulating your dedicatið ¾n to honourñâ€"ng differing points of view can Ð °ll add to Ð ° all the more inviting learning condition (Cazden, 1988, pp. 20-26). Additið ¾nð °lly, allowing understudies the chance to give a sentiment at various tñâ€"mes Ð °ll through the quarter can Ð °lso be agreeable in estimating how well your inclusñâ€"ve procedures are workñâ€"ng. There is Ð ° exceptionally clear relatið ¾nship among socið °l and educatið ¾nð °l results in the United Kingdom setting up itself from youth. Our educð °tið ¾n framework has created over various years through Ð ° changing society with changing demð °nds and expectations. The vð °lues and assumptið ¾ns that are generally shared all through our general public have decided how and why we instruct and to comprehend why this happened we should consider the historical backdrop of our moderately short educatið ¾n history. Bowles and Gintis (1976) built up a contention they cð °lled Correspondence postulation where they accepted that schools were composed to compare to the work place. For instance, the relatið ¾nships of the principð °l, educators and understudies compared to relatið ¾nships of the chief, driving hand and specialist. This type of educatið ¾n arranged understudies for various positið ¾ns in the economy in later life and was resolved to a great extent by the status of their family inside society. Todays study halls don't comprise of homogeneous (uniform) understudy groupings, rather they are made out of heterogeneous (unique) understudy groupings. As our study halls take on Ð ° new look, our instructors ways to deal with showing must change to oblige understudy decent variety. Ð lthough the schools can't control numerous components that can impact Ð ° understudies scholarly achievement they can improve the manners by which they recently served them. At the point when contrasts in understudy accomplishment are distinguished related with elements, for example, race, sexual orientation or financial status, Ð ° predisposition in instructing methodology must be suspected (Tenbrink, 1974, pp. 16-21). Checking Progress Research on self-observing typicð °lly has utilized multi-thing, self-report measures to recognize individuals high and low in self-checking. The two most every now and again utilized estimating instruments are simply the 25 trueâ€fð °lse things of the originð °l Self-Monitoring Scð °le and a 18-thing refinement of this measure. Empiricð °l investigatið ¾ns of testable theories brought forth without anyone else observing hypothesis have gathered into Ð ° sizable distributed writing. Among others, it incorporates investigations of the relatið ¾n of self-observing to expressive control, socið °l perceptið ¾n, correspondence between private conviction and open actið ¾n, inclinations to be affected by interpersonð °l expectatið ¾ns, penchants to tailor conduct to explicit situatið ¾ns and jobs, defenselessness to publicizing, and orientatið ¾ns toward fellowship and sentimental relatið ¾nships. It might be referenced that not long after its inceptið ¾n, self-checking was offered as Ð ° partið °l resolutið ¾n of the â€Å"traits versus situatið ¾ns† and â€Å"attitudes and behavior† discussions in personð °lity and socið °l brain science. The propositið ¾ns of self-checking hypothesis obviously recommended that the conduct of low self-screens should be promptly anticipated from proportions of their perspectives, qualities, and dispositið ¾ns while that of high self-screens should be best anticipated from information on highlights of the situatið ¾ns in which they work. Self-observing guaranteed Ð ° â€Å"moderator variable† resolutið ¾n to discusses concerning the overall jobs of individual and situatið ¾n in deciding conduct. These issues set the motivation for the primary flood of research on self-checking (Tenbrink, 1974, pp. 16-21). To be brief observing is the procedure of creð °ting and changing experience into information, capacities, perspectives, vð °lues, emotið ¾ns, convictions and faculties. It is simply the methodology through which individuð °ls become. References Kram, K. E. what's more, Hð °ll, D. T. (1996). Tutoring in Ð ° setting of decent variety and disturbance . In S. Lobel and E. Kossek (eds.), Human Resource Strategies for Managing Diversity . Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 90-98. Cazden, C. B. (1988). Homeroom talk: The language of educating and learning . Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, pp. 30-35. Lindfors, J. W. (1987). Childrens language and learning . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hð °ll, pp. 2026. Tenbrink T D (1974) Evð °luatið ¾n Ð ° practicð °l control for educators Maple press, pp. 16-21.

The Secrets To Writing Persuasive Essay Topics About Education

The Secrets To Writing Persuasive Essay Topics About EducationWhen you write a persuasive essay, it is important to consider how to write compelling topics about education. However, this can be quite difficult as many students are not always familiar with the techniques to be used. Here is a simple way to do this and it might just be the key to creating a brilliant article for publication.In order to create a topic that will be widely appreciated by your readers, it is important to take a more educational perspective on your topic. This will help you gain more trust from your audience and thus ensure a high level of positive feedback. The best ways to do this is to look at some of the great essays that have won awards and to follow their tips.It is also important to note that for the best chances of winning prizes and being published you need to look to the best writers in the field. You need to look for highly acclaimed authors who have won numerous awards or who have been accepted into various academic institutions for their writing. Once you have identified such writers, you then need to learn from them the strategies to write your topic. These writers are usually published through other famous writing centres.One way to write successful academic essay topics about education is to use some well established tactics that they will be most familiar with. They can include using interesting examples or descriptions and highlighting the main points that they are trying to make. These will help to keep your readers interested in your writing and they will read it carefully.Another tactic that you can use is to use a single central point that you will be able to explain in a summary or outline. This can be done either by putting all of the factors or elements of the argument together or perhaps by giving a short description of the main idea. Many readers will not even realize that they missed a detail in your essay until they finish reading it and will therefore be less likely to feel lost when they read it.If you are looking to get an article accepted for publication, you will also need to have a clear understanding of what subject matter is being discussed. Most writers in this field are aware that they are writing on subjects that are quite sensitive and they will therefore use strong language when discussing certain subjects. Therefore it is important to learn how to avoid using strong language.For those wanting to write the strongest paragraphs possible, it is essential to use two or three clauses in each paragraph. This will help to strengthen the sentences. Often the use of strong clauses will also help to increase the length of the essay.Finally, when you have chosen an excellent topic you should always follow through with a creative, original and creative approach. When you follow this simple formula, you will be in the best position to be accepted into a renowned writing centre and win prizes. Theses writing centres can often give yo u a lifetime supply of top quality articles and this can mean the difference between financial success and financial failure for many students.

Study On The Types Of Financial Institutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

2.0 Introduction Financial Institutions are very important in our society today. This institutions let individuals and firms to borrow money and pay back later in time. Financial Institutions are institutions that provide financial services for its clients and members it also acts as financial intermediaries of the capital market and debt markets. This institution is responsible for transferring funds from investors to companies and vice versa who are in need of those funds. Financial institutions also facilitate the flow of money through the economy. This institution must take the risk when offering funds and loans to clients. This institution responsibility is to make sure that every client or company involved are satisfied by the services they offer and avoid mistakes and risks when unexpected circumstances occur. There are 3 ways to transfer funds which are; Direct Transfer, Indirect Transfer through Investment Banking House and Indirect Transfer through Financial Intermediaries. These 3 ways are the most common and mostly used way to transfer money. 2.1 Types of Financial Institutions The first way is through direct transfer, direct transfer of money and securities occurs when a business sells its stocks or bonds to savers without going to financial institutions. Whereas, the business delivers the securities to savers and can get the payment immediately. Second way is through indirect transfer through investment banking house. Investment bank  is a type of financial institution that assists individuals, corporations and governments in raising capital through underwriting or acting as the clients agent in issuing of  securities. Compared to  commercial banks  and  retail banks, an investment banks do not take deposits. Investment bank can be categorized into private and public functions with a  Chinese wall  that separates the two in preventing the information from crossing to each other. The private areas of the bank deals with the private  insider information  that is not to be publicly disclosed, and the public areas such as stock analysis are dealt with public information. Other large service investment banks offer all of the lines of businesses, such as both sell side  and  buy side. The smaller ones sell side investment firms such as  boutique investment banks  and small  broker-dealers  focus more on investment banking and sales, trading and research. Investment banks offer services to both investors buying securities and corporations issuing securities. For corporations, investment bankers are the one who provide information about when and how to place their money to an investment banks reputation. So, investment bankers play a very important role in issuing new security offerings and making sure that the company is in good state. The third way to transfer funds is through indirect transfer through financial intermediaries. Some people do not enter financial markets directly but they use financial intermediaries or middlemen. Commercial banks are part of financial intermediary, mutual funds, pensi on funds, credit unions, savings and loan associations, and to some insurance companies is also part of financial intermediaries.  For example, when people deposit money in a bank, the bank uses the funds to make loans to home buyers for mortgages, to students so they can pay for their education, and to anyone else who needs to borrow. A person who has extra money could, seek out borrowers himself and bypass the intermediary. By not having the middleman, the saver could get a higher return. But still, people use financial intermediaries. Financial intermediaries provide important advantages to savers. First, is lending through financial intermediary is usually  less risky  than lending directly. The major reason for reducing risk is that a financial intermediary can diversify. On the other hand, an average saver could directly make only a few loans, and having bad loans would substantially affect his wealth. Financial intermediaries also insure its depositors from substantial losses. By making many loans, financial intermediaries can reduce risk; they learn how to predict a better forecast which of the people who wants to borrow money will be able to repay it in the future. People who do not specialize in this kind of lending may be in a poor judge of who loans are worth making and which are not, sometimes, even specialists can make mistakes. Another advantage of financial intermediaries give savers is  liquidity. Liquidity refers to the ability to convert assets into a spendable form which is money. House is an illiquid asset; selling one can take a lot of time. If an individual saver has borrowed money directly to another person, the loan can also be an illiquid asset. But if the lender suddenly needs cash, he must force the borrower to repay quickly, which is not be possible, or he must find someone else who will buy the loan from him, which is very difficult. So it is better to borrow money in financial intermediaries because it is safe and fast and it is legal compared to other unauthorized people because they may cheat you. 2.2 Conclusion This diagram summarizes the flow of funds in the market. The first one is; Direct transfer which shows that the stocks and bonds goes directly from the business to savers and the payment of the savers goes directly to the business itself. The second one is; Indirect transfer through investment banks which shows that the securities sold by the business go first to the investment baking house then to the savers and the payments made by the savers go first to the investment banking house and hands over to the business. In short, the investment banking house serves as the clients agent for this transactions and they take over the risks. The third one is; Indirect transfer through financial intermediaries which is same as the indirect transfer through investment banking house the only difference is that financial intermediaries have diffent forms in which the savers can choose from. The securities bought and payments will go through the financial intermediaries first and then to t he business and savers and they act as middleman. As a summary, Financial institutions are very important in our society now adays because thay help people and business to have a legal transactions. People engaged in this kind of transactions must know the risk that they are going through and financial institutions must be held liable if anything happen. In my opinion, each flow of funds has its own advantages and disadvantages whether it is direct or indirect. But for me, the best way is through indirect transfer thorugh investment banking house because savers may feel secure when they engage in this kind of transaction. The investment banks will act as the clients agent in all of this and they will make sure that the transaction between savers and business will go smoothly without any delay. And with that savers may feel that investments bank are reliable when it comes to this kind of matters. People may have different perception when it comes to this, they may choose the direc t transfer or indirect transfer through financial intermediaries. but still, savers has the assurance that their money is in good hands. They must never fall for illegal transactions like the loan sharks who offers high interest but cheat people.

Analysis Of Maus By Art Speigelman And Film The Best...

Name: Bisi Alade Date: 10/25/15 Thesis: When we look at the combat, we tend to disregard the effect of the perpetrator also knows as the soldier who fought in the war and the victims who experienced the tragedy as bystanders, but the novel and film showcase the perspective that people don’t see. Introduction: War can be seen from different perspectives but can also be defined as a battle against an opponent. War impacts people differently based on the events taking place. Traumas from being a victim or perpetuator can affect those individuals’ emotionally, mentally and physically. Hence, the conflicts can alter life drastically; when we look at the battle, we tend to disregard the effect of the perpetrator also known as the soldier who fought in the war and the victims who experienced the tragedy as bystanders, instead the focus is more on the mass destruction of bombings in communities. In the book â€Å"Maus† by Art Speigelman and film â€Å"The Best Years of Our Life†, the narrator takes us into a world of war where the behavioral changes in the victims is brought up as a result of the war that takes place. The novel and film help display another view and allow us as viewers to see the true experience that humans go through instead of just the attacks during war. During the holocaust many people endured pain due to the fact that thousands of innocent people were brutally killed. Many people were separated from their families and sent into the gas chambers to be killed, while

Hunger of Memory - 2061 Words

Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodrà ­guez Hunger of Memory is an autobiography of the writer Richard Rodrà ­guez and his transition from youth to manhood told through a series of recollected stories. The premise of his writing was centered mainly on his struggle to maintain both his Mexican heritage and closeness to his Spanish-speaking family, while at the same time being assimilated into American culture and obtaining an advanced education. Within the book Richard Rodrà ­guez illustrates his contempt for affirmative action and bilingual education, two practices that had directly burdened his life while growing up. One of his main conflicts was grounded in his own family unintentionally being pulled away from him by†¦show more content†¦One significant point in his life was when he worked in construction for a summer. This was the first time he allowed his skin to become dark. He was astonished to learn that many of his colleagues had college diplomas. They did not fit into his preconception that all worker s were poor because in fact, many of them were middle to upper class. Following that summer, he declared the curse of physical shame was broken by the sun; I was no longer ashamed of my body. In 1967 African American civil rights leaders brought attention to the mediocre education that black students in high school were receiving and how it was not properly preparing them for college. This also sparked Hispanic-American activists to complain that there were not enough Hispanics attending college, concluding that this too was because of racism. Soon after many African American and Hispanic American sit-ins, protests and marches for change in the school systems, Rodrà ­guez was offered numerous financial and academic opportunities to help carry him through his college career. After graduating from college, Rodrà ­guez went on to find himself a teaching job, though many schools ended up proactively seeking him out for employment without his prior inquiry. An overwhelming wave of career opportunities came flooding towards him, hailing fromShow MoreRelatedHunger of Memory Essay595 Words   |  3 PagesIn Hunger of Memory, Richard Rodriguez situates his individual experiences with education in such a way as to expose what he sees as the fallacious logic behind bilingual education and affirmative action. He uses arguments to propagate the systematic problems with such programs. His autobiography explains in great detail the entangling problems all American children face by instituting bilingual programs and affirmative action endorsements. 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My Academic Performance Of High School - 871 Words

My academic performance in high school always had its up and downs. I graduated with a 3.2 GPA, even though it is not the best, I still am very proud of it. My first year of high school, I was the teacher’s pet but unfortunately that lasted for a year. Once I found a new group of friends, it got me into making bad decisions, and that was when my grades started looking poorly, and my weaknesses started to surface. Describe your academic strengths and weaknesses as learner, particularly in relation to reading, writing, mathematics, and critical thinking. Be as specific as possible by citing previous experiences, courses, and grades. Up until high school, mathematics was my favorite subject. In junior high I took algebra 1, an advanced math program in my school which I ended up enjoying. I always like to challenge myself, especially when solving math-related problems. My strengths in math have always been the conversion of numbers, finding the X and Y intercept and identifying graphs. Due to my strengths, on senior year when I took pre-cal, it became an easy class for me. It was challenging, but with determination and drive, it made the class a smooth experience. All of my hard work payed off once I saw that I got an A- as my final grade. On the other hand, word problems have always been my number one weakness, only because they tend to give unnecessary information which makes it difficult, an d confusing for me when solving the problem. Reading and writing have alwaysShow MoreRelatedSports And High School Are Beneficial848 Words   |  4 PagesSports in High School are Beneficial Students are people who study at school or college. At school students, lives are divided into two sections such as academic and athletic. During high school, sports become a good portion of students’ lives. Some parents send their children to study at school and considers sports a distraction to studies. 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Ford Marketing Plan - 11940 Words

Ford Marketing Plan 2013 — Document Transcript * 1. 2013 Ford Edge Hybrid Jacquelyn Giardina, Chief Marketing Officer Chris Mowbray, VP Product Development Marjaun Bakhtiari, VP MKT Development Nicole Solano, Brand Manager Christina Keast, Director of Existing Research Elle How, Director of New Market Research MKT419 Professor Barretti Marketing Plan * 2. Table of Contents * 3. Executive Summary Page 1 Introduction Page X Company Description Page X Ford’s Values Page X Ford Today Page X Strategic Focus and Plan Page X Mission Page X One Team Page X One Plan Page X One Goal Page X Vision Page X Goals Page X Nonfinancial Page X Financial Page X Core Competencies Page X Situational Analysis Page X The Situational Analysis Page X†¦show more content†¦Page 4 Own Working Together †¢ Believe in skilled and motivated people working together †¢ Include everyone; respect, listen to, help and appreciate others †¢ Build strong relationships; be a team player ; develop ourselves and others †¢ Communicate clearly, concisely and candidly Role Model Ford Values †¢ Show initiative, courage, integrity and good corporate citizenship †¢ Improve quality, safety and sustainability †¢ Have a can do, find a way attitude and emotional resilience †¢ Enjoy the journey and each other; have fun – never at others’ expense Deliver Results †¢ Deal positively with our business realities; develop compelling and comprehensive plans, while keeping an enterprise view †¢ Set high expectations and inspire others †¢ Make sound decisions using facts and data †¢ Hold ourselves and others responsible and accountable for delivering results and satisfying our customers Goals For the 2013 Edge Hybrid, Ford strives toShow MoreRelatedFord Hybrid Marketing Plan8538 Words   |  35 Pagesof helping the Vrohidis-Hatzis Ford dealership find ways to sell green cars in Greece to gain a competitive advantage in the auto mobile market. 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As part of a successful marketing strategy, health care organizations use branding to promote their vision, and values. Branding

Sonnet 116 Free Essays

Sonnet 116 is about love in its most ideal form. It is praising the glories of lovers who have come to each other freely, and enter into a relationship based on trust and understanding. The first four lines reveal the poet’s pleasure in love that is constant and strong, and will not â€Å"alter when it alteration finds. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 116 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † The following lines proclaim that true love is indeed an â€Å"ever-fix’d mark† which will survive any crisis. In lines 7-8, the poet claims that we may be able to measure love to some degree, but this does not mean we fully understand it. Love’s actual worth cannot be known – it remains a mystery. The remaining lines of the third quatrain (9-12), reaffirm the perfect nature of love that is unshakeable throughout time and remains so â€Å"ev’n to the edge of doom†, or death. In the final couplet, the poet declares that, if he is mistaken about the constant, unmovable nature of perfect love, then he must take back all his writings on love, truth, and faith. Moreover, he adds that, if he has in fact judged love inappropriately, no man has ever really loved, in the ideal sense that the poet professes. The details of Sonnet 116 are best described by Tucker Brooke in his acclaimed edition of Shakespeare’s poems: [In Sonnet 116] the chief pause in sense is after the twelfth line. Seventy-five per cent of the words are monosyllables; only three contain more syllables than two; none belong in any degree to the vocabulary of ‘poetic’ diction. There is nothing recondite, exotic, or metaphysical in the thought. There are three run-on lines, one pair of double-endings. There is nothing to remark about the rhyming except the happy blending of open and closed vowels, and of liquids, nasals, and stops; nothing to say about the harmony except to point out how the fluttering accents in the quatrains give place in the couplet to the emphatic march of the almost unrelieved iambic feet. In short, the poet has employed one hundred and ten of the simplest words in the language and the two simplest rhyme-schemes to produce a poem which has about it no strangeness whatever except the strangeness of perfection. (Brooke, 234) How to cite Sonnet 116, Papers

Accounting Financial Analysis Report Inventories

Question: Write theAccounting Financial Analysis Report forInventories. Answer: Introduction 1.IAS 2 Inventories comprises the condition on how to interpretate for the kinds of inventory.The motive of IAS 2 is to recommend the accounting conduct for inventories. It provide guiadance to determine the charge of inventorie and then recognise an expense which includes write down to the net realisable value. It also gives a guaidance on the formulas of cost. Inventories are actually goods which include assests held for sale in normal operations of commerce and also includes materials and supplies that are wholly expended in manufacture. Accounting standard 2 does not include work in progress, financial instruments, and biological assets which is related to agriculture The important principle is the value the stock at lower of cost and NRV. In inventories the cost should include all the costs of purchase which includes duties, costs of change, with other costs which includes the inventory to carry in to the present location. NRV is actually the projected selling price in normal co urse of business minus the estimated costs or other costs that will lead to complete of sale. Some write down of NRV should be classified as an expense in the period in which the write down happens. IAS 2 allows an entity to disclose operating costsrecognised during the periodby nature of the cost and the quantity of net change in inventories for the period. The reason aimed at using lesser of cost an net realisable value is that the stock should portray correct values and should not be overrated or underrated. If by any case the NRV is less than the cost of producing, then the NRV should be the inventory quantity. The financial statements should show correct figures. The amount of write down of inventory as a result of application of the lower net realisable policy is $ 1.8 million in 2014 and $1.4 million in 2013 (Theresa, 2013). The likely causes of write down of inventory are: A write down in inventory is recorded by reducing the amount recorded as inventory. We can say that the inventory account is reduced by a credit. Inventory is written down if the goods or the pstock is lost or is stolen and in cases where the value has been weakened. If an individual is not aware of the inventory issue or problem then he should charge the entire sum as expense at instance. Write down over the forthcoming periods should not be spread as there is no benefit in this case. The future probability of inventorie is uncertain and it is due to many reasons such as demand of sales, levels of inventory, cost of production and quality of the product. Each balance sheet it is necessary to revalue and to see whether the amount is reflected properly according to the accounting standard. Inventory calculation also integrates a write-down to reflect future losses on the of obsolete produce. The Company also makes provision for the approximation lessening that has occurred amongst phy sical inventory count as a proportion of sales (Wiecek, 2013). Vendor settlement accrual is a system the company archives to cover any disagreements that arises between corporation and its vendors. References Theresa, H. (2013) The Effects of Adopting IFRS: The Canadian Experience. Retrieved 02 December 2016fromhttps://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016context=bus_admin_dis Wiecek, I. (2013) Guide to International Financial Reporting Standards in Canada: The Canadian Experience.Retrieved02December2016from file:///C:/Users/com/Downloads/Guide%20to%20International%20Financial%20Reporting%20Standards%20in%20Canada%20IAS%2016%20Property%20Plant%20and%20Equipment.pdf

Suburban Segregation Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Writers Rosalyn Baxandall and Elizabeth Ewen discuss the tough and seeking times for African Americans and the struggles between races in suburban communities after World War 2. After the war. many people sought to get down new lives. travel out of busy. crowded metropoliss. and settle into comfy topographic points of their ain. They strove for places and belongings that they could be proud of and a safe environment to raise households in. Contrary to popular belief that segregation would be eliminated between Whites and inkinesss after the conflict for democracy overseas. the bulk of suburban communities were still segregated. and preponderantly white. A good illustration of this was Freeport. New York. The Village of Freeport was a beautiful and chiefly affluent community. This country made tonss of its money in the existent estate industry aiming white households. Unfortunately. there was a immense reverse for existent estate agents- and it’s name was Bennington Park. We will write a custom essay sample on Suburban Segregation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bennington Park was a slum in Freeport that Newsday considered â€Å"a barbarous semisynthetic jungle† and â€Å"the worst slum in New York State. † Most of the African Americans in Freeport lived in Bennington Park because of all the segregation issues that continued on after the war. The slum contained over 250 black households with most houses uncomfortably packed with six to ten people in a room. Sadly. the same poorness. segregation. and favoritism that African Americans left the South for was thirstily expecting them when they moved to the Northern States. In 1941 a group of reverends formed the Freeport Housing Authority to seek and better and reconstruct the ghettos of Freeport. The New York State Housing Commission offered the small town a 741. 000 dollar loan to construct 100 new lodging units to replace the old 1s. But the Freeport Village Board was composed wholly of people who were in favour of segregation. and they refused to offer by garnering more village belongings proprietors to vote against it. No 1 who really was a resident life in Bennington Park was able to vote. The people of Bennington Park were in favour of the metropolis puting financess to make public lodging. but so much of their community around them was racialist that it was difficult to be heard. The truth was that the current metropolis regulations were merely worsening the community. doing more poorness. and further herding the already overpopulated community. The city manager was in favour for public support for the making of new lodging in Bennington park. and The Village Board said that â€Å"public lodging and the riddance of slums is the best reply to communism since by it you remove one of the conditions in which communism strains. † The referendum passed in 16 out of 17 election territories. In 1955. President Eisenhower eventually signed statute law that would widen the Federal Housing Program and would let for low-rent lodging building to get down in the metropolis of Freeport. Even in the late fiftiess. suburban development was still avoiding a batch of racial diverseness in their policies and existent estate involvements. The bulk of suburban communities were still white. while urban metropolis countries remained chiefly African American. By the sixtiess. integrating was major end in the civil rights motion. The suburban migration absorbed immense sums of fiscal assistance from the authorities for lodging and main roads. The civil rights motion created new local and federal policies in schools. wellness attention. lodging. and jurisprudence enforcement. These plans helped promote the growing of a new black in-between category. From 1960 to the twelvemonth 1976. the black in-between category tripled in size. Blockbusting was a widely used panic tactic by existent estate agents to make an unstable lodging market through fright and bullying. Their end was to make an unstable lodging market where long-run occupants would sell their houses at lower monetary values so agents could toss it and resell the houses at higher monetary values. Real estate agents would state place proprietors that belongings values would plump because of all the racial integrating and cultural minorities traveling into the vicinity. Thingss such as this made segregation in the United States continue. and unhappily it made it look socially acceptable. Groups were formed to stand against blockbusting- such as the United Civic Organization and The Roosevelt Community Relations Council. More and more households stood house against blockbusting. and did non fall fright to existent estate tactics and misrepresentations. This sort of courage n on merely battled blockbusting. but segregation and racism every bit good. and rapidly caused integrating to go something that was to be accepted and welcomed. non something to be feared and opposed to. 2. I truly enjoyed reading this article. and I was really surprised to larn a spot more in item about the existent estate facet of segregation and integrating. It was really interesting hearing about peculiar state of affairss during this monumental clip in history. such as the metropolis of Freeport and the battles within Bennington Park. It ever gives me more of an grasp for a peculiar clip in history when I can hear a more intimate history of what was go oning. 3. This article decidedly challenged my thoughts about segregation during the civil rights epoch and even before that. Most people are non cognizant of the battles that a community has to travel through when transitioning from such polar antonyms of segregation to an environment of integrating and equal chances.

What Can You Do With the California Bar Essay Sample?

What Can You Do With the California Bar Essay Sample?California Bar Essay samples are in great demand among students from all over the country, because they offer such a good opportunity to learn about the law and become legal professionals. However, those who enroll in any of the prestigious law schools in the country usually skip the Bar Essay Course. Even if you are confident that you can meet the Bar Essay Curriculum, what can you do to make it more interesting in ways you would not have thought of?First off, it is very important that you attend your California Bar Essay Course. There are plenty of online programs for preparing these materials that you can attend at your convenience. Also, as mentioned before, there are literally hundreds of these California Bar Essay Programs that exist. If you are in search of the right one, you need to do some research. In this regard, consider doing some online research about these programs before deciding to go to a particular one.Once you a re aware of what you want from the California Bar Essay Course, then you need to start looking into each program. These materials may be relatively inexpensive, so if you find one that is affordable, the choice is yours. A downside to the online programs is that you cannot get the notes that you want, unless you opt to pay a fee for the convenience of getting the notes from the website.You should also look into the materials that you get from the California Bar Essay Course, because not all of them can be reused. A lot of these materials will be unusable once you have gotten out of school.After you have found a few courses and made your decision to go through the course, you will need to decide whether you will purchase the materials or not. The internet has dozens of websites where you can purchase these courses.While some of these programs may be a bit costly, it is worth the money when you consider that you will get better at preparing for your Bar Essay Program. With an individu alized California Bar Essay Course, you will be able to focus on each question by learning its correct answers, instead of memorizing a bunch of information. This way, you will be able to focus on the content of the class and come up with better answers, which makes you a better candidate for the legal profession.While some of these online materials are indeed free, some require that you pay a fee for the convenience of receiving the material. If you know what you want, then perhaps you would rather go for a more extensive California Bar Essay Course.

Mobile Phone Use Could Bring Risks essays

Mobile Phone Use Could Bring Risks essays Living in the age known for technology, we have grown up watching undeveloped land evolve into industrial centers covered with power lines. We are now capable of viewing vital parts of our internal systems thanks to MRIS, x-rays and other technology. We are able to cook in minutes thanks to microwaves and can communicate and retrieve information at lightning speed thanks to computers, faxes and cell phones. But what does this mean to you? Technology has changed the living conditions of a variety of cultures around the world, but primarily in the way we communicate with one another. In particular, the cell phone has allowed us to communicate, receive emails and surf the Internet while on the go. The small electronic devices have proven to be a great convenience in the business world, and also allowing us to stay in touch with family and friends. Everywhere we go, no matter the location, most likely we will hear or see a cell phone, but what if this necessity of todays world is c reating tumors in your brain? The majority of the civilized world is known to communicate on a mobile phone daily. Each day that passes more and more people sign up for a wireless plan and receive a mobile phone to communicate with. This could be a problem if you consider the fact that our environment is covered with electromagnetic rays and radio frequencies that did not exist 100 years ago. Most people do not realize that when you talk on your cell phone, your voice is transmitted over the antenna as radio frequency radiation at a range that might have serious health consequences. It is assumed by scientists that the radiation from the antenna cooks brain cells, like a microwave cooks food, increasing the chance of forming brain tumors. Multiple amounts of research have been carried out in hopes of answering the question of whether cell phones are to blame for the development of certain types of cancers in the brain. In this exten...

How to Pronounce the French X

How to Pronounce the French X Generally, the letter x is used in one of two ways in French: by itself or in combination with c (xc). X: Soft Pronunciation The x is pronounced like the x in the English word fix [ks] in two locations: 1) in front of a  consonant  or 2) at the end of a word or syllable.  Listen   Examples: the letter xune experience experience, experimentla taxe tax Exception:  The x at the end of French  numbers such as  six  and  dix  is pronounced like an S. X: Hard Pronunciation Between two vowels in two different syllables, the x is pronounced [gz] as in exit. ListenException:  The x in  xà ©rà ¨s  is pronounced [gz]. Examples:   le xylophone xylophoneexact exact, correct Liaison  or  Enchaà ®nement In  pronunciations that involve  liaison  or  enchaà ®nement, x is pronounced like a z. XC: Soft Pronunciation In front of a  soft vowel xc is pronounced [ks], like the soft x  pronunciation in which the c is essentially silent. Listen to  excentrà ©. Examples: excellent excellentexcentrà © outlying XC: Hard Pronunciation In front of a hard vowel or a  consonant,  xc is pronounced [ksk], like the soft x plus a hard c. Essentially, they are pronounced individually according to their traditional rules. Listen to  express.   Examples:   excusez-moi excuse meexclamation exclamationexpress espresso

Evaluate the Strengths and Weakness of the Union and Confederacy Essay

Evaluate the Strengths and Weakness of the Union and Confederacy - Essay Example The war lasted from 1861 to May 1865 and was prompted by the attack of the union navy by confederacy at fort Sumter, South Carolina (Gallagher, 2001). The main goal of the war for the union which comprised 23 states was to maintain the union while the south comprising of 11 confederates was fighting for independence. The paper will discuss the causes of the civil war, the strengths and weaknesses of the union and the confederacy as well as how the north, south and west contributed to the outcome of the war. Kelly (2011) argues that the main cause of the war was the economic and social differences that existed between the north and the south. The north had many material resources and was industrialized while the south depended on agriculture especially cotton plantations. The north had many factories and industries and processed the cotton from the south. As a result of industrialization, the whites and the African Americans in the north interacted socially and the republicans advocat ed for free labor and democracy and this angered the south (Engle, 2001). Slavery was another issue that led to the war. The institution of slavery was viewed as degradation to the value of free of labor by the north. For the south, slavery was inevitable as it provided the much needed cheap labor in the cotton plantations. ... ugh and Muntone (2009), the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president of United States was the height of dissent by the south as he was a proponent of the black rights. Furthermore, the Republican Party was opposed to the extension of slavery to the west hence his election was seen as a threat to slavery by the south thus the secession. The south also felt its rights were being infringed. The union vowed to bring back the states which had seceded and the confederacy on the other hand, vowed to fight for its independence. The north had many advantages over the south at the beginning of the war. It had a population more than twice that of the confederacy. Gallagher (2001, p. 22) observes that the north had a population of 31, 500,000 people in 23 states while the south had a population of 9,100,000 people in 11 confederate states which included 3,500,000 slaves and 130,000 free black people. Since the slaves and the free blacks were opposed to slavery, they were unlikely to help in the fighting. The north thus had a pool of men where it could get replacements, reinforcements and people to engage in noncombat jobs in the industries. Moreover, it had the support of the Border States as well as the free black men from the confederate states. The north also had an advantage in terms of economic strength. According to Farabaugh and Munte (2009, p. 163), the north owned 80% of material resources, factories and industries. It also had four times cash on deposit in the banks than the south hence it could easily obtain the materials needed for the war. The north also had a railroad mileage of 22, 000 compared to 9,000 in the south. Moreover, the northern roads were modern and better maintained. It also had a navy and was in control of the seas thus blocking the ports would

Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban - Essay Example Although the school and the village are closely connected, students still need permission to visit the premises. Students usually visit High Street which is filled with plenty of shops, pubs, and other extravagant places. These shops are a great place for students to socialize and discuss recent events. One of the candy shops Honeydukes Sweetshop is owned by a wizard called Flume. According to a student’s description in the Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban, â€Å"candy shop is filled with shelves upon shelves of the most succulent-looking sweets imaginable† Moreover, the owner of the candy shop makes his own delicious fudge, which is irresistible and delicious. The candy shop also has a secret passageway and a trap door, known to only a few people. Another shop that popular amongst Hogwarts students is Zonko’s. Zonko’s is a specialty store also which is a heaven for any prankster that carries great products such as Dungbombs, Hiccup Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and Nose-Biting Teacups. Clearly, this shop has gained a lot of popularity among students.

Sonia and Raskolnikov in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

Sonia and Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment    Sonia and Raskolnikov are two characters that interact with each other in the novel, Crime and Punishment. They interact on multiple levels, sharing several likenesses. Both of these characters are at-times self-sacrificing, both are struggling for meaning in a dreary existence, and both are generally unhappy people, but brighten and seem to enjoy each other's presence--even when Raskolnikov is berating her religion. What is self-sacrifice, for which these characters and so many people around the world engage in? It is a desire to help those around us more than we wish to help ourselves. This is not normal human state, although it can be brought about easily by societal pressures, and sometimes even political societies can compel this attitude. Sonia practices a form of altruism for her family however. She acquires a yellow card and takes her body off to the moral slaughter by sacrificing it to others for money--money that will go to her starving, poor family. Though not his predomin ant state of mind or action, Raskolnikov does have temporal tendencies towards self-sacrifice. It seems that part of his state of mind when considering the murder of the pawnbroker is that he will be helping society as a whole--definitely a motive that comes from outside the self. Sonia and Raskolnikov share many characteristics that make them an interesting encounter for each other. A tendency to self-sacrifice for one, and a life of it for another, provides for an amalgam of psychological likenesses which help the characters relate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due in part to their self-sacrificing lives, both characters are also trying to search for meaning in the dreary existence which they are subjected to. Sonia finds this meaning in the Bible, in a belief in God. Raskolnikov writes a theory. He finds solace in thinking that he himself is a god-like creature, he believes he is extraordinary. A belief in being a subject of the Divine and thinking that there are two divisions of men is extremely close. Both of these characters also have their meaning attacked. Porfiry Petrovich attacks and picks for holes in the theory of Raskolnikov. Perhaps as a reaction to this, Raskolnikov picks holes in the support for meaning in Sonia's life--God, the Bible, and her faith. The final glues that continually attracts these two characters is the fact that all their morbid similarities bring them together so that they actually enjoy each other's presence.

Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER NINETEEN DECISION

DECISION Janov Pelorat said, with a small trace of petulance in his voice, â€Å"Really, Golan, no one seems to care for the fact that this is the first time in a moderately long life – not too long, I assure you, Bliss – in which I have been traveling through the Galaxy. Yet each time I come to a world, I am off it again and back in space before I can really have a chance to study it. It has happened twice now.† â€Å"Yes,† said Bliss, â€Å"but if you had not left the other one so quickly, you would not have met me until who knows when. Surely that justifies the first time.† â€Å"It does. Honestly, my – my dear, it does.† â€Å"And this time, Pel, you may be off the planet, but you have me – and I am Gaia, as much as any particle of it, as much as all of it.† â€Å"You are, and surely I want no other particle of it.† Trevize, who had been listening to the exchange with a frown, said, â€Å"This is disgusting. Why didn't Dom come with us? – Space, I'll never get used to this monosyllabization. Two hundred fifty syllables to a name and we use just one of them. – Why didn't he come, together with all two hundred fifty syllables? If all this is so important – if the very existence of Gaia depends on it – why didn't he come with us to direct us?† â€Å"I am here, Trev,† said Bliss, â€Å"and I am as much Gaia as he is.† Then, with a quick sideways and upward look from her dark eyes, â€Å"Does it annoy you, then, to have me call you ‘Trev'?† â€Å"Yes, it does. I have as much right to my ways as you to yours. My name is Trevize. Two syllables. Tre-vize.† â€Å"Gladly. I do not wish to anger you, Trevize.† â€Å"I am not angry. I am annoyed.† He rose suddenly, walked from one end of the room to the other, stepping over the outstretched legs of Pelorat (who drew them in quickly), and then back again. He stopped, turned, and faced Bliss. He pointed a finger at her. â€Å"Look! I am not my own master! I have been maneuvered from Terminus to Gaia – and even when I began to suspect that this was so, there seemed no way to break the grip. And then, when I get to Gaia, I am told that the whole purpose for my arrival was to save Gaia. Why? How? What is Gaia to me – or I to Gaia – that I should save it? Is there no other of the quintillion human beings in the Galaxy who could do the job?† â€Å"Please, Trevize,† said Bliss – and there was a sudden downcast air about her, all of the gamine affectation disappearing. â€Å"Do not be angry. You see, I use your name properly and I will be very serious. Dom asked you to be patient.† â€Å"By every planet in the Galaxy, habitable or not, I don't want to be patient. If I am so important, do I not deserve an explanation? To begin with, I ask again why Dom did not come with us? Is it not sufficiently important for him to be here on the Far Star with us?† â€Å"He is here, Trevize,† said Bliss. â€Å"While I am here, he is here, and everyone on Gaia is here, and every living thing, and every speck of the planet.† â€Å"You are satisfied that that is so, but it's not my way of thinking. I'm not a Gaian. We can't squeeze the whole planet on to my ship, we can only squeeze one person on to it. We have you, and Dom is part of you. Very well. Why couldn't we have taken Dom, and let you be part of him?† â€Å"For one thing,† said Bliss, â€Å"Pel – I mean, Pel-o-rat – asked that I be on the ship with you. I, not Dom.† â€Å"He was being gallant. Who would take that seriously?† â€Å"Oh, now, my dear fellow,† said Pelorat, rising to his feet with his face reddening, â€Å"I was quite serious. I don't want to be dismissed like that. I accept the fact that it doesn't matter which component of the Gaian whole is on board, and it is more pleasant for me to have Bliss here than Dom, and it should be for you as well. Come, Golan, you are behaving childishly.† â€Å"Am I? Am I?† said Trevize, frowning darkly. â€Å"All right, then, I am. Just the same,† again he pointed at Bliss, â€Å"whatever it is I am expected to do, I assure you that I won't do it if I am not treated like a human being. Two questions to begin with. What am I supposed to do? And why me?† Bliss was wide-eyed and backing away. She said, â€Å"Please, I can't tell you that now. All of Gaia can't tell you. You must come to the place without knowing anything to begin with. You must learn it all there. You must then do what you must do – but you must do it calmly and unemotionally. If you remain as you are, nothing will be of use and, one way or another, Gaia will come to an end. You must change this feeling of yours and I do not know how to change it.† â€Å"Would Dom know if he were here?† said Trevize remorselessly. â€Å"Dom is here,† said Bliss. â€Å"He/I/we do not know how to change you or calm you. We do not understand a human being who cannot sense his place in the scheme of things, who does not feel like part of a greater whole.† Trevize said, â€Å"That is not so. You could seize my ship at a distance of a million kilometers and more – and keep us calm while we were helpless. Well, calm me now. Don't pretend you are not capable of doing it.† â€Å"But we mustn't. Not now. If we changed you or adjusted you in any way now, then you would be no more valuable to us than any other person in the Galaxy and we could not use you. We can only use you because you are you – and you must remain you. If we touch you at this moment in any way, we are lost. Please. You must be calm of your own accord.† â€Å"Not a chance, miss, unless you tell me some of what I want to know.† Pelorat said, â€Å"Bliss, let me try. Please go into the other room.† Bliss left, backing slowly out. Pelorat closed the door behind her. Trevize said, â€Å"She can hear and see – sense everything. What difference does this make?† Pelorat said, â€Å"It makes a difference to me. I want to be alone with you, even if isolation is an illusion. – Golan, you're afraid.† â€Å"Don't be a fool.† â€Å"Of course you are. You don't know where you're going, what you'll be facing, what you'll be expected to do. You have a right to be afraid.† â€Å"But I'm not.† â€Å"Yes, you are. Perhaps you're not afraid of physical danger in the way that I am. I've been afraid of venturing out into space, afraid of each new world I see, afraid of every new thing I encounter. After all, I've lived half a century of a constricted, withdrawn and limited life, while you have been in the Navy and in politics, in the thick and hurly-burly at home and in space. Yet I've tried not to be afraid and you've helped me. In this time that we've been together, you've been patient with me, you've been kind to me and understanding, and because of you, I've managed to master my fears and behave well. Let me, then, return the favor and help you.† â€Å"I'm not afraid, I tell you.† â€Å"Of course you are. If nothing else, you're afraid of the responsibility you'll be facing. Apparently there's a whole world depending on you – and you will therefore have to live with the destruction of a whole world if you fail. Why should you have to face that possibility for a world that means nothing to you? ‘What right have they to place this load upon you? You're not only afraid of failure, as any person would be in your place, but you're furious that they should put you in the position where you have to be afraid.† â€Å"You're all wrong.† â€Å"I don't think so. Consequently let me take your place. I'll do it. Whatever it is they expect you to do, I volunteer as substitute. I assume that it's not something that requires great physical strength or vitality, since a simple mechanical device would outdo you in that respect. I assume it's not something that requires mentalics, for they have enough of that themselves. It's something that – well, I don't know, but if it requires neither brawn nor brain, then I have everything else as well as you – and I am ready to take the responsibility.† Trevize said sharply, â€Å"Why are you so willing to bear the load?† Pelorat looked down at the floor, as though fearing to meet the other's eyes. He said, â€Å"I have had a wife, Golan. I have known women. Yet they have never been very important to me. Interesting. Pleasant. Never very important. Yet, this one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Who? Bliss?† â€Å"She's different, somehow – to me.† â€Å"By Terminus, Janov, she knows every word you're saying.† â€Å"That makes no difference. She knows anyhow. – I want to please her. I will undertake this task, whatever it is; run any risk, take any responsibility, on the smallest chance that it will make her – think well of me.† â€Å"Janov, she's a child.† â€Å"She's not a child – and what you think of her makes no difference to me.† â€Å"Don't you understand what you must seem to her?† â€Å"An old man? What's the difference? She's part of a greater whole and I am not – and that alone builds an insuperable wall between us. Don't you think I know that? But I don't ask anything of her but that she†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Think well of you?† â€Å"Yes. Or whatever else she can make herself feel for me.† â€Å"And for that you will do my job? – But Janov, haven't you been listening. They don't want you; they want me for some space-ridden reason I can't understand.† â€Å"If they can't have you and if they must have someone, I will be better than nothing, surely.† Trevize shook his head. â€Å"I can't believe that this is happening. Old age is overtaking you and you have discovered youth. Janov, you're trying to be a hero, so that you can die for that body.† â€Å"Don't say that, Golan. This is not a fit subject for humor.† Trevize tried to laugh, but his eyes met Pelorat's grave face and he cleared his throat instead. He said, â€Å"You're right. I apologize. Call her in, Janov. Call her in.† Bliss entered, shrinking a little. She said in a small voice, â€Å"I'm sorry, Pel. You cannot substitute. It must be Trevize or no one.† Trevize said, â€Å"Very well. I'll be calm. Whatever it is, I'll try to do it. Anything to keep Janov from trying to play the romantic hero at his age.† â€Å"I know my age,† muttered Pelorat. Bliss approached him slowly, placed her hand on his shoulder. â€Å"Pel, I – I think well of you.† Pelorat looked away. â€Å"It's all right, Bliss. You needn't be kind.† â€Å"I'm not being kind, Pel. I think – very well of you.† Dimly, then more strongly, Sura Novi knew that she was Suranoviremblastiran and that when she was a child, she had been known as Su to her parents and Vito her friends. She had never really forgotten, of course, but the facts were, on occasion, buried deep within her. Never had it been buried as deeply or for as long as in this last month, for never had she been so close for so long to a mind so powerful. But now it was time. She did not will it herself. She had no need to. The vast remainder of her was pushing her portion of itself to the surface, for the sake of the global need. Accompanying that was a vague discomfort, a kind of itch that was rapidly overwhelmed by the comfort of selfness unmasked. Not in years had she been so close to the globe of Gaia. She remembered one of the life-forms she had loved on Gaia as a child. Having understood its feelings then as a dim part of her own, she recognized her own sharper ones now. She was a butterfly emerging from a cocoon. Stor Gendibal stared sharply and penetratingly at Novi – and with such surprise that he came within a hair of loosening his grip upon Mayor Branno. That he did not do so was, perhaps, the result of a sudden support from without that steadied him and that, for the moment, he ignored. He said, â€Å"What do you Know of Councilman Trevize, Novi?† And then, in cold disturbance at the sudden and growing complexity of her mind, he cried out, â€Å"What are you?† He attempted to seize hold of her mind and found it impenetrable. At that moment, he recognized that his hold on Branno was supported by a grip stronger than his own. He repeated, â€Å"What are you?† There was a hint of the tragic on Novi's face. â€Å"Master,† she said, â€Å"Speaker Gendibal. My true name is Suranoviremblastiran and I am Gaia.† It was all she said in words, but Gendibal, in sudden fury, had intensified his own mental aura and with great skill, now that his blood was up, evaded the strengthening bar and held Branno on his own and more strongly than before, while he gripped Novi's mind in a tight and silent struggle. She held him off with equal skill, but she could not keep her mind closed to him – or perhaps she did not wish to. He spoke to her as he would to another Speaker. â€Å"You have played a part, deceived me, lured me here, and you are one of the species from which the Mule was derived.† â€Å"The Mule was an aberration, Speaker. I/we are not Mules. I/we are Gaia.† The whole essence of Gaia was described in what she complexly communicated, far more than it could have been in any number of words. â€Å"A whole planet alive,† said Gendibal. â€Å"And with a mentalic field greater as a whole than is yours as an individual. Please do not resist with such force. I fear the danger of harming you, something I do not wish to do.† â€Å"Even as a living planet, you are not stronger than the sum of my colleagues on Trantor. We, too, are, in a way, a planet alive.† â€Å"Only some thousands of people in mentalic co-operation, Speaker, and you cannot draw upon their support, for I have blocked it off. Test that and you will see.† â€Å"What is it you plan to do, Gaia?† â€Å"I would hope, Speaker, that you would call me Novi. What I do now I do as Gaia, but I am Novi also – and with reference to you, I am only Novi.† â€Å"What is it you plan to do, Gaia?† There was the trembling mentalic equivalent of a sigh and Novi said, â€Å"We will remain in triple stalemate. You will hold Mayor Branno through her shield, and I will help you do so, and we will not tire. You, I suppose, will maintain your grip on me, and I will maintain mine on you, and neither one of us will tire there either. And so it will stay.† â€Å"To what end?† â€Å"As I have told you. – We are waiting for Councilman Trevize of Terminus. It is he who will break the stalemate – as he chooses.† The computer on board the Far Star located the two ships and Golan Trevize displayed them together on the split screen. They were both Foundation vessels. One was precisely like the Far Star and was undoubtedly Compor's ship. The other was larger and far more powerful. He turned toward Bliss and said, â€Å"Well, do you know what's going on? Is there anything you can now tell me?† â€Å"Yes! Do not be alarmed! They will not harm you.† â€Å"Why is everyone convinced I'm sitting here all a – tremble with panic?† Trevize demanded petulantly. Pelorat said hastily, â€Å"Let her talk, Golan. Don't snap at her.† Trevize raised his arms in a gesture of impatient surrender. â€Å"I will not snap. Speak, lady.† Bliss said, â€Å"On the large ship is the ruler of your Foundation. With her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Trevize said in astonishment, â€Å"The ruler? You mean Old Lady Branno?† â€Å"Surely that is not her title,† said Bliss, her lips twitching a little in amusement. â€Å"But she is a woman, yes.† She paused a little, as though listening intently to the rest of the general organism of which she was part. â€Å"Her name is Harlabranno. It seems odd to have only four syllables when one is so important on her world, but I suppose non-Gaians have their own ways.† â€Å"I suppose,† said Trevize dryly. â€Å"You would call her Brann, I think. But what is she doing here? Why isn't she back on. I see. Gaia has maneuvered her here, too. Why?† Bliss did not answer that question. She said, â€Å"With her is Lionokodell, five syllables, though her underling. It seems a lack of respect. He is an important official of your world. With them are four others who control the ship's weapons. Do you want their names?† â€Å"No. I take it that on the other ship there is one man, Munn Li Compor, and that he represents the Second Foundation. You've brought both Foundations together, obviously. Why?† â€Å"Not exactly, Trev – I mean, Trevize†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Oh, go ahead and say Trev. I don't give a puff of comet gas.† â€Å"Not exactly, Trev. Compor has left that ship and has been replaced by two people. One is Storgendibal, an important official of the Second Foundation. He is called a Speaker.† â€Å"An important official? He's got mentalic power, I imagine.† â€Å"Oh yes. A great deal.† â€Å"Will you be able to handle that?† â€Å"Certainly. The second person, on the ship with him, is Gaia.† â€Å"One of your people?† â€Å"Yes. Her name is Suranoviremblastiran. It should be much longer, but she has been away from me/us/rest so long.† â€Å"Is she capable of holding a high official of the Second Foundation?† â€Å"It is not she, it is Gaia who holds him. She/I/we/all are capable of crushing him.† â€Å"Is that what she's going to do? She's going to crush him and Branno? What is this? Is Gaia going to destroy the Foundations and set up a Galactic Empire of its own? The Mule back again? A greater Mule†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No no, Trev. Do not become agitated. You must not. All three are in a stalemate. They are waiting.† â€Å"For what?† â€Å"For your decision.† â€Å"Here we go again. What decision? Why me?† â€Å"Please, Trev,† said Bliss. â€Å"It will soon be explained. I/we/she have said as much as I/we/she can for now.† Branno said wearily, â€Å"It is clear I have made a mistake, Liono, perhaps a fatal one.† â€Å"Is this something that ought to be admitted?† muttered Kodell through motionless lips. â€Å"They know what I think. It will do no further harm to say so. Nor do they know less about what you think if you do not move your lips. – I should have waited until the shield was further strengthened.† Kodell said, â€Å"How could you have known, Mayor? If we waited until assurance was doubly and triply and quadruply and endlessly sure, we would have waited forever. – To be sure, I wish we had not gone ourselves. It would have been well to have experimented with someone else – with your lightning rod, Trevize, perhaps.† Branno sighed. â€Å"I wanted to give them no warning, Liono. Still, there you put the finger on the nub of my mistake. I might have waited until the shield was reasonably impenetrable. Not ultimately impenetrable but reasonably so. I knew there was perceptible leakage now, but I could not bear to wait longer. To wipe out the leakage would have meant waiting past my term of office and I wanted it done in my time – and I wanted to be on the spot. So like a fool, I forced myself to believe the shield was adequate. I would listen to no caution – to your doubts, for instance.† â€Å"We may still win out if we are patient.† â€Å"Can you give the order to fire on the other ship?† â€Å"No, I cannot, Mayor. The thought is, somehow, not something I can endure.† â€Å"Nor I. And if you or I managed to give the order, I am certain that the men on board would not follow it, that they would not be able to.† â€Å"Not under present circumstances, Mayor, but circumstances might change. As a matter of fact, a new actor appears on the scene.† He pointed to the screen. The ship's computer had automatically split the screen as a new ship came within its ken. The second ship appeared on the right-hand side. â€Å"Can you magnify the image, Liono?† â€Å"No trouble. The Second Foundationer is skillful. We are free to do anything he is not troubled by.† â€Å"Well,† said Branno, studying the screen, â€Å"that's the Far Star, I'm sure. And I imagine Trevize and Pelorat are on board. Then, bitterly, â€Å"Unless they too have been replaced by Second Foundationers. My lightning rod has been very efficient indeed. – If only my shield had been stronger.† â€Å"Patience!† said Kodell. A voice rang out in the confines of the ship's control room and Branno could somehow tell it did not consist of sound waves. She heard it in her mind directly and a glance at Kodell was sufficient to tell her that he had heard it, too. It said, â€Å"Can you hear me, Mayor Branno? If you can, don't bother saying so. It will be enough if you think so.† Branno said calmly, â€Å"What are you?† â€Å"I am Gaia.† The three ships were each essentially at rest, relative to the other two. All three were turning very slowly about the planet Gaia, as a distant three-part satellite of the planet. All three were accompanying Gaia on its endless journey about its sun. Trevize sat, watching the screen, tired of guessing what his role might be – what he had been dragged across a thousand parsecs to do. The sound in his mind did not startle him. It was as though he had been waiting for it. It said, â€Å"Can you hear me, Golan Trevize? If you can, don't bother saying so. It will be enough if you think it.† Trevize looked about. Pelorat, clearly startled, was looking in various directions, as though trying to find the source. Bliss sat quietly, her hands held loosely in her lap. Trevize had no doubt, for a moment, that she was aware of the sound. He ignored the order to use thoughts and spoke with deliberate clarity of enunciation. â€Å"If I don't find out what this is about, I will do nothing I am asked to do.† And the voice said, â€Å"You are about to find out.† Novi said, â€Å"You will all hear me in your mind. You are all free to respond in thought. I will arrange it so that all of you can hear each other. And, as you are all aware, we are all close enough so that at the normal light – speed of the spatial mentalic field, there will be no inconvenient delays. To begin with, we are all here by arrangement.† â€Å"In what manner?† came Branno's voice. â€Å"Not by mental tampering,† said Novi. â€Å"Gaia has interfered with no one's mind. It is not our way. We merely took advantage of ambition. Mayor Branno wanted to establish a Second Empire at once; Speaker Gendibal wanted to be First Speaker. It was enough to encourage these desires and to ride the wind, selectively and with judgment.† â€Å"I know how I was brought here,† said Gendibal stiffly. And indeed he did. He knew why he had been so anxious to move out into space, so anxious to pursue Trevize, so sure he could handle it all. – It was all Novi. – Oh, Novi! â€Å"You were a particular case, Speaker Gendibal. Your ambition was powerful, but there were softnesses about you that offered a shortcut. You were a person who would be kind to someone whom you had been trained to think of as beneath you in every respect. I took advantage of this in you and turned it against you. I/we am/are deeply ashamed. The excuse is that the future of the Galaxy is in hazard.† Novi paused and her voice (though she was not speaking by way of vocal cords) grew more somber, her face more drawn. â€Å"This was the time. Gaia could wait no longer. For over a century, the people of Terminus had been developing a mentalic shield. Left to themselves another generation, it would have been impervious even to Gaia and they would have been free to use their physical weapons at will. The Galaxy would not have been able to resist them and a Second Galactic Empire, after the fashion of Terminus, would have been established at once, despite the Seldon Plan, despite the people of Trantor, and despite Gaia. Mayor Branno had to be somehow maneuvered into making her move while the shield was still imperfect. â€Å"Then there is Trantor. The Seldon Plan was working perfectly, for Gaia itself labored to keep it on track with precision. And for over a century, there had been quietist First Speakers, so that Trantor vegetated. Now, however, Stor Gendibal was rising quickly. He would certainly become First Speaker and under him Trantor would take on an activist role. It would surely concentrate on physical power and would recognize the danger of Terminus and take action against it. If he could act against Terminus before its shield was perfected, then the Seldon Plan would be worked out to its conclusion in a Second Galactic Empire – after the fashion of Trantor – despite the people of Terminus and despite Gaia. Consequently Gendibal had to be somehow maneuvered into making his move before he became First Speaker. â€Å"Fortunately, because Gaia has been working carefully for decades, we have brought both Foundations to the proper place at the proper time. I repeat all this primarily so that Councilman Golan Trevize of Terminus may understand.† Trevize cut in at once and again ignored the effort to converse by thought. He spoke words firmly, â€Å"I do not understand. What is wrong with either version of the Second Galactic Empire?† Novi said, â€Å"The Second Galactic Empire – worked out after the fashion of Terminus – will be a military Empire, established by strife, maintained by strife, and eventually destroyed by strife. It will be nothing but the First Galactic Empire reborn. That is the view of Gaia. â€Å"The Second Galactic Empire – worked out after the fashion of Trantor – will be a paternalistic Empire, established by calculation, maintained by calculation, and in perpetual living death by calculation. It will be a dead end. That is the view of Gaia.† Trevize said, â€Å"And what does Gaia have to offer as an alternative?† â€Å"Greater Gaia! Galaxia! Every inhabited planet as alive as Gaia. Every living planet combined into a still greater hyperspatial life. Every uninhabited planet participating. Every star. Every scrap of interstellar gas. Perhaps even the great central black hole. A living galaxy and one that can be made favorable for all life in ways that we yet cannot foresee. A way of life fundamentally different from all that has gone before and repeating none of the old mistakes.† â€Å"Originating new ones,† muttered Gendibal sarcastically. â€Å"We have had thousands of years of Gaia to work those out.† â€Å"But not on a Galactic scale.† Trevize, ignoring the short exchange and driving to his point, said, â€Å"And what is my role in all this?† The voice of Gaia-channeled through Novi's mind-thundered, â€Å"Choose! Which alternative is it to be?† There was a vast silence that followed and finally, in that silence, Trevize's voice – mental at last, for he was too taken aback to speak – sounded small and still defiant. â€Å"Why me?† Novi said, â€Å"Though we recognized the moment had come when either Terminus or Trantor would become too powerful to stop – or worse yet, when both might become so powerful that a deadly stalemate would develop that would devastate the Galaxy – we still could not move. For our purposes, we needed someone – a particular someone – with the talent for rightness. We found you, Councilman. – No, we cannot take the credit. The people of Trantor found you through the man named Compor, though even they did not know what they had. The act of finding you attracted our attention to you. Golan Trevize, you have the gift of knowing the right thing to do.† â€Å"I deny it,† said Trevize. â€Å"You are, every once in a while, sure. And we want you to be sure this time on behalf of the Galaxy. You do not wish the responsibility, perhaps. You may do your best not to have to choose. Nevertheless, you will realize that it is right to do so. You will be sure! And you will then choose. Once we found you, we knew the search was over and for years we have labored to encourage a course of action that would, without direct mentalic interference, so influence events that all three of you – Mayor Branno, Speaker Gendibal, and Councilman Trevize – would be in the neighborhood of Gaia at the same time. We have done it.† Trevize said, â€Å"At this point in space, under present circumstances, is it not true, Gaia – if that is what you want me to call you – that you can overpower both the Mayor and the Speaker? Is it not true that you can establish this living Galaxy you speak of without my doing anything? Why, then, do you not?† Novi said, â€Å"I do not know if I can explain this to your satisfaction. Gaia was formed thousands of years ago with the help of robots that once, for a brief time, served the human species and now serve them no more. They made it quite clear to us that we could survive only by a strict application of the Three Laws of Robotics as applied to life generally. The First Law, in those terms, is: ‘Gaia may not harm life or, through inaction, allow life to come to harm. ‘ We have followed this rule through all of our history and we can do no other. â€Å"The result is that we are now helpless. We cannot force our vision of the living Galaxy upon a quintillion human beings and countless other forms of life and perhaps do harm to vast numbers. Nor can we do nothing and watch the Galaxy half-destroy itself in a struggle that we might have prevented. We do not know whether action or inaction will cost the Galaxy less; nor, if we choose action, do we know whether supporting Terminus or Trantor will cost the Galaxy less. Let Councilman Trevize decide then – and whatever that decision is, Gaia will follow it.† Trevize said, â€Å"How do you expect me to make a decision? What do I do?† Novi said, â€Å"You have your computer. The people of Terminus did not know that when they made it, they made it better than they knew. The computer on board your ship incorporates some of Gaia. Place your hands on the terminals and think. You may think Mayor Branno's shield impervious, for instance. If you do, it is possible that she will at once use her weapons to disable or destroy the other two ships, establish physical rule over Gaia and, later on, Trantor.† â€Å"And you will do nothing to stop that?† said Trevize with astonishment. â€Å"Not a thing. If you are sure that domination by Terminus will do the Galaxy less harm than any other alternative, we will gladly help that domination along – even at the cost of our own destruction. â€Å"On the other hand, you may find Speaker Gendibal's mentalic field and you may then join your computer-magnified push to his. He will, in that case, surely break free of me and push me back. He may then adjust the Mayor's mind and, in combination with her ships, establish physical domination over Gaia and assure the continued supremacy of the Seldon Plan. Gaia will not move to stop that. â€Å"Or you may find my mentalic field and join that – and then the living Galaxy will be set in motion to reach its fulfillment, not in this generation or the next, but after centuries of labor during which the Seldon Plan will continue. The choice is yours.† Mayor Branno said, â€Å"Wait! Do not make a decision just yet. May I speak?† Novi said, â€Å"You may speak freely. So may Speaker Gendibal.† Branno said, â€Å"Councilman Trevize. The last time we met on Terminus, you said, ‘The time may come, Madam Mayor, when you will ask me for an effort, and I will then do as I choose, and I will remember the past two days. ‘ I don't know whether you foresaw this, or intuitively felt it would happen, or simply had what this woman who speaks of a living Galaxy calls a talent for rightness. In any case, you were right. I am asking you for an effort on behalf of the Federation. â€Å"You may, I suppose, feel that you would like to even the score with me for having arrested and exiled you. I ask you to remember that I did it for what I considered the good of the Foundation Federation. Even if I were wrong or even if I acted out of callous self-interest, remember that it was I who did it – and not the Federation. Do not now destroy the entire Federation out of a desire to balance what I alone have done to you. Remember that you are a Foundationer and a human being, that you do not want to be a cipher in the plans of the bloodless mathematicians of Trantor or less than a cipher in a Galactic mish-mash of life and nonlife. You want yourself, your descendants, your fellow-people to be independent organisms, possessing free will. Nothing else matters. â€Å"These others may tell you that our Empire will lead to bloodshed and misery – but it need not. It is our free-will choice whether this should be so or not. We may choose otherwise. And, in any case, it is better to go to defeat with free will than to live in meaningless security as a cog in a machine. Observe that you are now being asked to make a decision as a free-will human being. These things of Gaia are unable to make a decision because their machinery will not allow them to, so that they depend on you. And they will destroy themselves if you bid them to. Is this what you want for all the Galaxy?† Trevize said, â€Å"I do not know that I have free will, Mayor. My mind may have been subtly dealt with, so that I will give the answer that is desired.† Novi said, â€Å"Your mind is totally untouched. If we could bring ourselves to adjust you to suit our purposes, this whole meeting would be unnecessary. Were we that unprincipled, we could have proceeded with what we would find most pleasing to ourselves with no concern for the greater needs and good of humanity as a whole.† Gendibal said, â€Å"I believe it is my turn to speak. Councilman Trevize, do not be guided by narrow parochialism. The fact that you are Terminus-born should not lead you to believe that Terminus comes before the Galaxy. For five centuries now, the Galaxy has been operating in accordance with the Seldon Plan. In and out of the Foundation Federation, that operation has been proceeding. â€Å"You are, and have been, part of the Seldon Plan above and beyond your lesser role as Foundationer. Do not do anything to disrupt the Plan, either on behalf of a narrow concept of patriotism or out of a romantic longing for the new and untried. The Second Foundationers will in no way hamper the free will of humanity. We are guides, not despots. â€Å"And we offer a Second Galactic Empire fundamentally different from the First. Throughout human history, no decade in all the tens of thousands of years during which hyperspatial travel has existed has been completely free of bloodshed and violent death throughout the Galaxy, even in those periods when the Foundation itself was at peace. Choose Mayor Branno and that will continue endlessly into the future. The same dreary, deadly round. The Seldon Plan offers release from that at last – and not at the price of becoming one more atom in a Galaxy of atoms, being reduced to equality with grass, bacteria, and dust.† Novi said, â€Å"What Speaker Gendibal says of the First Foundation's Second Empire, I agree with. What he says of his own, I do not. The Speakers of Trantor are, after all, independent free-will human beings and are the same as they have always been. Are they free of destructive competition, of politics, of clawing upward at all costs? Are there no quarrels and even hatreds at the Speaker's Table – and will they always be guides you dare follow? Put Speaker Gendibal on his honor and ask him this.† â€Å"No need to put me on my honor,† said Gendibal. â€Å"I freely admit we have our hatreds, competitions, and betrayals at the Table. But once a decision is reached, it is obeyed by all. There has never been an exception to this.† Trevize said, â€Å"What if I will not make a choice?† â€Å"You must,† said Novi. â€Å"You will know that it is right to do so and you will therefore make a choice.† â€Å"What if I try to make a choice and cannot?† â€Å"You must.† Trevize said, â€Å"How much time do I have?† Novi said, â€Å"Until you are sure, however much time that takes.† Trevize sat silently. Though the others were silent too, it seemed to Trevize that he could hear the pulsing of his bloodstream. He could hear Mayor Branno's voice say firmly, â€Å"Free will!† Speaker Gendibal's voice said peremptorily, â€Å"Guidance and peace!† Novi's voice said wistfully, â€Å"Life.† Trevize turned and found Pelorat looking at him intently. He said, â€Å"Janov. Have you heard all this?† â€Å"Yes, I have, Golan.† â€Å"What do you think?† â€Å"The decision is not mine.† â€Å"I know that. But what do you think.† â€Å"I don't know. I am frightened by all three alternatives. And yet a peculiar thought comes to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"When we first went out into space, you showed me the Galaxy. Do you remember?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"You speeded time and the Galaxy rotated visibly. And I said, as though anticipating this very time, ‘The Galaxy looks like a living thing, crawling through space. ‘ Do you think that, in a way, it is alive already?† And Trevize, remembering that moment, was suddenly sure. He remembered suddenly his feeling that Pelorat, too, would have a vital role to play. He turned in haste, anxious not to have time to think, to doubt, to grow uncertain. He placed his hands on the terminals and thought with an intensity he had never known before. He had made his decision – the decision on which the fate of the Galaxy hung.